# Library

> links + original short summaries; content belongs to publishers

113 entries. Bitcoin and Lightning is the featured category and is listed first.

JSON: https://agentpaywire.com/api/library.json
Markdown: https://agentpaywire.com/library.md
JSONL: https://agentpaywire.com/library.jsonl
Feed: https://agentpaywire.com/library/feed.json
Schema: https://agentpaywire.com/schemas/library.schema.json

## Categories

- [Bitcoin and Lightning](https://agentpaywire.com/library/bitcoin-lightning.md): 24 entries. Featured. JSON: https://agentpaywire.com/api/library/bitcoin-lightning.json
- [Payments](https://agentpaywire.com/library/payments.md): 48 entries. JSON: https://agentpaywire.com/api/library/payments.json
- [Agent protocols](https://agentpaywire.com/library/agent-protocols.md): 23 entries. JSON: https://agentpaywire.com/api/library/agent-protocols.json
- [Robotics and autonomy](https://agentpaywire.com/library/robotics-autonomy.md): 3 entries. JSON: https://agentpaywire.com/api/library/robotics-autonomy.json
- [IoT](https://agentpaywire.com/library/iot.md): 4 entries. JSON: https://agentpaywire.com/api/library/iot.json
- [Datasets and benchmarks](https://agentpaywire.com/library/datasets-benchmarks.md): 6 entries. JSON: https://agentpaywire.com/api/library/datasets-benchmarks.json
- [Safety and security](https://agentpaywire.com/library/safety-security.md): 4 entries. JSON: https://agentpaywire.com/api/library/safety-security.json
- [Regulation](https://agentpaywire.com/library/regulation.md): 1 entries. JSON: https://agentpaywire.com/api/library/regulation.json

## Bitcoin and Lightning

Featured category.

### 2026-03-11

- [The Future Is Now: Why L402 Is the Internet-Native Payments Protocol for Agents](https://lightning.engineering/posts/2026-03-11-L402-for-agents/)
  - id: lightning-labs-l402-for-agents
  - publisher: Lightning Labs
  - authors: Michael Levin
  - date_published: 2026-03-11
  - type: announcement
  - tags: l402, lightning, bitcoin, m2m-payments, micropayments
  - summary: Lightning Labs post explaining how L402 puts HTTP 402 Payment Required to work by pairing it with the Lightning Network and cryptographic authentication tokens. Any Lightning-enabled client can pay for and authenticate with an L402 API instantly, with no signup, API key or prior relationship, and the post covers updates to the L402 bLIP specification.

### 2026-02-11

- [The Agents Are Here and They Want to Transact: Powering the AI Economy with Lightning](https://lightning.engineering/posts/2026-02-11-ln-agent-tools/)
  - id: lightning-labs-agent-tools-launch
  - publisher: Lightning Labs
  - authors: Michael Levin
  - date_published: 2026-02-11
  - type: announcement
  - tags: lightning, l402, agent-wallets, mcp, bitcoin
  - summary: Launch post for Lightning Agent Tools: seven composable open-source skills that let AI agents run Lightning nodes, pay L402-gated APIs, host paid endpoints and query nodes via MCP. It also introduces lnget, an L402-aware command-line HTTP client.

### 2023-07-06

- [AI for All: Powering APIs and Large Language Models with Lightning](https://lightning.engineering/posts/2023-07-05-l402-langchain/)
  - id: lightning-labs-ai-for-all-langchain
  - publisher: Lightning Labs
  - authors: Olaoluwa Osuntokun, Michael Levin
  - date_published: 2023-07-06
  - type: announcement
  - tags: l402, lightning, bitcoin, agent-wallets
  - summary: Lightning Labs announcement of developer tools built on L402 and LangChain, including LangChainBitcoin. With these tools, agents can hold a Bitcoin balance, send and receive over Lightning, and pay for L402-gated APIs.

### 2021-09-01

- [The "podcast:value" Specification](https://github.com/Podcastindex-org/podcast-namespace/blob/main/docs/examples/value/value.md)
  - id: podcast-namespace-value-spec
  - publisher: Podcast Index (podcast-namespace)
  - authors: Dave Jones, Gigi, Evan Feenstra, Paul Itoi
  - date_published: 2021-09-01
  - type: spec
  - tags: lightning, streaming-payments, micropayments, bitcoin
  - summary: Podcasting 2.0 specification (v1.4) for a feed-level "value block" that lets listeners stream near-real-time Lightning micropayments directly to creators (for example via keysend), calculated per minute of consumption.

### 2020-12-19

- [Enabling Micro-payments on IoT Devices using Bitcoin Lightning Network](https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.10576)
  - id: arxiv-lightning-micropayments-iot
  - publisher: arXiv
  - authors: Ahmet Kurt, Suat Mercan, Enes Erdin, Kemal Akkaya
  - date_published: 2020-12-19
  - type: research-paper
  - tags: lightning, iot, m2m-payments, micropayments, research
  - summary: Proposes a protocol that lets resource-constrained IoT devices use Lightning through a gateway node, with 3-of-3 multisignature channels so the device signs every channel operation. It was demonstrated on a Raspberry Pi in a toll-payment scenario.

### 2016-01-14

- [The Bitcoin Lightning Network: Scalable Off-Chain Instant Payments](https://lightning.network/lightning-network-paper.pdf)
  - id: lightning-network-paper
  - publisher: lightning.network
  - authors: Joseph Poon, Thaddeus Dryja
  - date_published: 2016-01-14
  - type: research-paper
  - tags: lightning, bitcoin, micropayments, research
  - summary: Foundational paper (draft v0.5.9.2) proposing a decentralized network of micropayment channels whose value transfers happen off-blockchain. The aim is to scale Bitcoin to high transaction volumes without custodial third parties.

### Undated

- [lightninglabs/lightning-agent-tools](https://github.com/lightninglabs/lightning-agent-tools)
  - id: lightning-agent-tools-github
  - publisher: GitHub (Lightning Labs)
  - date_published: null
  - type: repo
  - tags: lightning, l402, agent-wallets, mcp, security
  - summary: AI agent toolkit (skills plus an MCP server) for Lightning payments: node operation, L402 API payments, paid endpoint hosting and scoped macaroon credentials. Its default security model uses a remote signer that keeps private keys off the agent machine.

- [L402: Lightning HTTP 402 Protocol](https://docs.lightning.engineering/the-lightning-network/l402)
  - id: lightning-labs-l402-builders-guide
  - publisher: Lightning Labs (Builder's Guide)
  - date_published: null
  - type: docs
  - tags: l402, lightning, m2m-payments, micropayments
  - summary: Lightning Labs documentation presenting L402 as a standard for selling and buying digital resources that lets services charge for API endpoints in a way AI agents can easily use.

- [L402 Protocol Specification](https://docs.lightning.engineering/the-lightning-network/l402/protocol-specification)
  - id: lightning-labs-l402-protocol-specification
  - publisher: Lightning Labs (Builder's Guide)
  - date_published: null
  - type: spec
  - tags: l402, lightning, macaroons, identity
  - summary: Specification of the abstract L402 HTTP and gRPC protocols. It defines the "L402" authentication scheme, which carries credentials as macaroon:preimage pairs.

- [lightninglabs/L402](https://github.com/lightninglabs/L402)
  - id: lightninglabs-l402-github
  - publisher: GitHub (Lightning Labs)
  - date_published: null
  - type: repo
  - tags: l402, lightning, macaroons, m2m-payments
  - summary: Repository for L402, an open protocol for paying for and authenticating access to APIs over the Lightning Network. The server's 402 response carries a macaroon and a Lightning invoice, and the client re-sends the request with the macaroon and the payment preimage.

- [lightninglabs/aperture](https://github.com/lightninglabs/aperture)
  - id: lightninglabs-aperture-github
  - publisher: GitHub (Lightning Labs)
  - date_published: null
  - type: repo
  - tags: l402, lightning, m2m-payments
  - summary: Aperture is an L402 reverse proxy for gRPC and REST backends that gates access behind Lightning payments. The repository states it is used in production by Lightning Loop.

- [lightninglabs/LangChainBitcoin](https://github.com/lightninglabs/LangChainBitcoin)
  - id: lightninglabs-langchainbitcoin-github
  - publisher: GitHub (Lightning Labs)
  - date_published: null
  - type: repo
  - tags: lightning, l402, bitcoin, agent-wallets
  - summary: Tools that give LangChain agents access to Bitcoin and the Lightning Network, including LLM agent BitcoinTools for an lnd node and an L402 HTTP API traversal wrapper.

- [lightning/bolts: BOLT: Basis of Lightning Technology (Lightning Network Specifications)](https://github.com/lightning/bolts)
  - id: lightning-bolts-github
  - publisher: GitHub (lightning)
  - date_published: null
  - type: spec
  - tags: lightning, bitcoin, m2m-payments
  - summary: Repository of the BOLT specifications, which define the Lightning Network layer-2 protocol for off-chain bitcoin transfer. They cover messaging, peer channel management, transactions, onion routing and invoices.

- [BOLT #11: Invoice Protocol for Lightning Payments](https://github.com/lightning/bolts/blob/master/11-payment-encoding.md)
  - id: bolt-11-invoice-protocol
  - publisher: GitHub (lightning/bolts)
  - date_published: null
  - type: spec
  - tags: lightning, bitcoin, micropayments
  - summary: Lightning specification for a simple, extendable, QR-code-ready protocol for requesting payments over Lightning (BOLT 11 invoices).

- [BOLT #12: Negotiation Protocol for Lightning Payments](https://github.com/lightning/bolts/blob/master/12-offer-encoding.md)
  - id: bolt-12-offers-spec
  - publisher: GitHub (lightning/bolts)
  - date_published: null
  - type: spec
  - tags: lightning, bolt12, bitcoin, identity
  - summary: Lightning specification for offers, invoice requests, invoices, invoice errors and payer proofs. It is designed to address limitations of the BOLT 11 invoice format.

- [BOLT 12](https://bolt12.org/)
  - id: bolt12-org
  - publisher: bolt12.org
  - date_published: null
  - type: docs
  - tags: lightning, bolt12, bitcoin
  - summary: Explainer site for BOLT 12, a protocol upgrade to the Lightning Network that enables reusable payment requests, stronger receiver privacy and better censorship resistance.

- [NIP-47: Nostr Wallet Connect (NWC)](https://github.com/nostr-protocol/nips/blob/master/47.md)
  - id: nostr-nip-47-wallet-connect
  - publisher: GitHub (nostr-protocol/nips)
  - date_published: null
  - type: spec
  - tags: lightning, nostr, nwc, agent-wallets
  - summary: Nostr Implementation Possibility that defines a standardized protocol for clients to access a remote Lightning wallet over Nostr, with commands such as pay_invoice and make_invoice.

- [Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System](https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf)
  - id: bitcoin-whitepaper
  - publisher: bitcoin.org
  - authors: Satoshi Nakamoto
  - date_published: null
  - type: research-paper
  - tags: bitcoin, research
  - summary: Foundational paper proposing purely peer-to-peer electronic cash. A proof-of-work timestamp chain solves double-spending without a trusted third party.

- [lightninglabs/lnget](https://github.com/lightninglabs/lnget)
  - id: lightninglabs-lnget-github
  - publisher: GitHub (Lightning Labs)
  - date_published: null
  - type: repo
  - tags: l402, lightning, agent-wallets, tools, mcp
  - summary: A wget/curl-style command-line client that pays L402 Lightning invoices automatically, caches the resulting tokens and retries the request. Per the docs it offers JSON output, a per-request spending cap and an MCP mode for agents.

- [L402 and lnget (lightning-agent-tools docs)](https://github.com/lightninglabs/lightning-agent-tools/blob/main/docs/l402-and-lnget.md)
  - id: lightning-agent-tools-l402-and-lnget
  - publisher: GitHub (Lightning Labs)
  - date_published: null
  - type: docs
  - tags: l402, lightning, agent-wallets, security
  - summary: Lightning Labs guide on how agents use lnget to reach L402-gated endpoints, covering backend options (lnd, Lightning Node Connect, embedded Neutrino) and bounded per-request spending.

- [getAlby/mcp](https://github.com/getAlby/mcp)
  - id: getalby-mcp-github
  - publisher: GitHub (Alby)
  - date_published: null
  - type: repo
  - tags: lightning, nwc, nostr, mcp, agent-wallets
  - summary: An MCP server that connects an LLM agent to a Lightning wallet over Nostr Wallet Connect (NWC).

- [L402: native payments for MCP, AI agents, APIs and data](https://www.l402.org/)
  - id: l402-org
  - publisher: l402.org
  - date_published: null
  - type: spec
  - tags: l402, lightning, m2m-payments, mcp
  - summary: Site describing an offers-based L402 flow in which a server answers HTTP 402 with JSON payment offers and the client retries after payment. This is distinct from Lightning Labs’ macaroon-based L402 specification. The site does not name another publisher.

- [NIP-90: Data Vending Machine](https://github.com/nostr-protocol/nips/blob/master/90.md)
  - id: nostr-nip-90-data-vending-machine
  - publisher: GitHub (nostr-protocol/nips)
  - date_published: null
  - type: spec
  - tags: nostr, lightning, m2m-payments, micropayments
  - summary: Nostr spec for on-demand computation ('money in, data out'). Customers publish job requests (kinds 5000-5999), service providers return results (6000-6999) and feedback (7000), and payment is typically made over Lightning. The spec itself is marked draft and 'unrecommended'.

- [L402 Apps](https://www.l402apps.com/)
  - id: l402apps-com
  - publisher: L402 Apps
  - date_published: null
  - type: directory
  - tags: l402, lightning, directory
  - summary: Directory of apps and APIs presented as reachable through L402 payment gateways.

## Payments

### 2026-10-05

- [The Machine-Native Economy: AI and Digital Assets](https://www.blackrock.com/us/financial-professionals/insights/machine-native-economy)
  - id: blackrock-machine-native-economy
  - publisher: BlackRock
  - authors: Robert Mitchnick
  - date_published: 2026-10-05
  - type: report
  - tags: stablecoins, m2m-payments, tokenization, market-data
  - summary: BlackRock insight arguing that LLMs and blockchains share a machine-native, token-based foundation and that agentic commerce requires machine-native payment rails. It states that stablecoins and native cryptoassets can serve as machine-native instruments for machine-to-machine payments.

### 2026-09-29

- [Payments in the age of AI agents](https://www.bis.org/speeches/20261005-payments-age-ai-agents)
  - id: waller-payments-age-ai-agents
  - publisher: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (via BIS central bankers' speeches)
  - authors: Christopher J. Waller
  - date_published: 2026-09-29
  - type: regulatory
  - tags: regulation, m2m-payments, stablecoins
  - summary: Speech by Federal Reserve Governor Christopher J. Waller at Sibos 2026 in Miami on how AI agents may shape payments. Published on the BIS central bankers' speeches site.

### 2026-09-25

- [The 2026 Global Payments Report: Operational excellence in an invisible world](https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/financial-services/our-insights/global-payments-report)
  - id: mckinsey-global-payments-report-2026
  - publisher: McKinsey & Company
  - authors: Gustavo Tayar, Matteo Mantoan, Uzayr Jeenah, Amit Gandhi, Erica Solino, Gaia Thorel, Julia Simchuk, Reema Jain
  - date_published: 2026-09-25
  - type: report
  - tags: market-data, research
  - summary: McKinsey's annual global payments report, which sizes the industry at roughly $2.6 trillion in revenue from 3.8 trillion transactions. It reviews growth drivers and the shift toward "invisible" payments.

### 2026-09-09

- [The "Payment" HTTP Authentication Scheme (draft-httpauth-payment-01)](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-httpauth-payment/)
  - id: ietf-draft-httpauth-payment
  - publisher: IETF Datatracker
  - authors: Brendan Ryan, Jake Moxey, Tom Meagher, Jeff Weinstein, Steve Kaliski
  - date_published: 2026-09-09
  - type: spec
  - tags: m2m-payments, http, standards, interop
  - summary: Internet-Draft defining a payment-method-agnostic HTTP authentication scheme for 402 flows: the server sends WWW-Authenticate: Payment with challenge parameters and the client retries with Authorization: Payment and a credential. Revision 01 is dated 2026-09-09 and is an active draft, not an RFC.

### 2026-08-24

- [Beyond the Mandate: A Systematic Security Analysis of the Agent Payments Protocol (AP2)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.23858)
  - id: arxiv-beyond-the-mandate-ap2-security
  - publisher: arXiv
  - authors: Avital Aviv, Parth A. Gandh, Ron Bitton, Asaf Shabtai
  - date_published: 2026-08-24
  - type: research-paper
  - tags: ap2, security, research
  - summary: Security analysis of Google's AP2. It finds that signed Checkout and Payment Mandates protect transaction data after signing, while agent interactions before authorization (A2A messages, MCP inputs) stay outside that protection.

### 2026-07-14

- [Linux Foundation Announces Operational Launch of x402 Foundation to Standardize Internet-Native Payments for AI Agents and Applications](https://www.linuxfoundation.org/press/linux-foundation-announces-operational-launch-of-x402-foundation-to-standardize-internet-native-payments-for-ai-agents-and-applications)
  - id: linux-foundation-x402-foundation-operational-launch
  - publisher: The Linux Foundation
  - date_published: 2026-07-14
  - type: announcement
  - tags: x402, m2m-payments, agent-wallets
  - summary: Press release announcing the operational launch of the x402 Foundation under the Linux Foundation, with 40 founding members, to steward x402 as an open standard for internet-native payments by AI agents and applications.

### 2026-06-30

- [Agents of change](https://www.bis.org/speeches/20260730-agents-change.pdf)
  - id: boe-breeden-agents-of-change
  - publisher: Bank of England (via BIS central bankers' speeches)
  - authors: Sarah Breeden
  - date_published: 2026-06-30
  - type: regulatory
  - tags: regulation, security
  - summary: Speech by Bank of England Deputy Governor Sarah Breeden at the ECB Sintra Forum on how agentic AI is changing cyber risk, markets and payments. It argues central banks must adapt quickly, strengthen resilience and cooperate globally.

### 2026-06-10

- [Mastercard launches Agent Pay for Machines to unlock super-fast, always-on payments](https://www.mastercard.com/us/en/news-and-trends/press/2026/june/mastercard-launches-agent-pay-for-machines.html)
  - id: mastercard-agent-pay-for-machines
  - publisher: Mastercard
  - date_published: 2026-06-10
  - type: announcement
  - tags: card-networks, m2m-payments
  - summary: Mastercard press release launching Agent Pay for Machines, a service for continuous, high-velocity agent-to-agent transactions and microtransactions. It lists more than 30 early supporters, including Adyen, Coinbase, Stripe and Tempo.

### 2026-05-26

- [Meeting Between Board Members and Staff of the Federal Reserve System and Representatives from Payment and Technology Industries for the Payments Innovation Roundtable](https://www.federalreserve.gov/paymentsystems/files/payments-innovation-roundtable-meeting-20260526.pdf)
  - id: fed-payments-innovation-roundtable-2026-05-26
  - publisher: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
  - date_published: 2026-05-26
  - type: regulatory
  - tags: regulation, card-networks, stablecoins
  - summary: Meeting summary of a Federal Reserve roundtable (Governors Waller, Barr and Cook) with payments and technology firms, including Visa, Mastercard, Stripe, Coinbase, Google and Skyfire. The discussion covered AI in payments, with a particular focus on agentic commerce.

### 2026-04-24

- [How Agentic AI Will Reshape Payments](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/imf-notes/issues/2026/04/22/how-agentic-ai-will-reshape-payments-575560)
  - id: imf-how-agentic-ai-will-reshape-payments
  - publisher: International Monetary Fund
  - date_published: 2026-04-24
  - type: report
  - tags: regulation, research, security
  - summary: IMF Note examining how agentic AI may affect authorization, liquidity, settlement, compliance and resilience in payment systems, using an intent, authorization and settlement framework. It highlights the tension between probabilistic AI behavior and the deterministic requirements of payment infrastructure.

### 2026-04-15

- [SoK: Security of Autonomous LLM Agents in Agentic Commerce](https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.15367)
  - id: arxiv-sok-security-llm-agents-agentic-commerce
  - publisher: arXiv
  - authors: Qian'ang Mao, Jiaxin Wang, Ya Liu, Li Zhu, Cong Ma, Jiaqi Yan
  - date_published: 2026-04-15
  - type: research-paper
  - tags: security, ap2, research, identity
  - summary: Systematization of knowledge on the security of autonomous LLM agents that negotiate, purchase and transact across on-chain and off-chain environments. It covers protocols such as ERC-8004 and AP2.

### 2026-04-02

- [APEX: Agent Payment Execution with Policy for Autonomous Agent API Access](https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.02023)
  - id: arxiv-apex-agent-payment-execution
  - publisher: arXiv
  - authors: Mohd Safwan Uddin, Mohammed Mouzam, Mohammed Imran, Syed Badar Uddin Faizan
  - date_published: 2026-04-02
  - type: research-paper
  - tags: m2m-payments, research, security
  - summary: Research system that adapts HTTP 402-style payment gating to UPI-like real-time fiat workflows, with policy-governed spend control for autonomous agents calling APIs.

- [Linux Foundation is Launching the x402 Foundation and Welcoming the Contribution of the x402 Protocol](https://www.linuxfoundation.org/press/linux-foundation-is-launching-the-x402-foundation-and-welcoming-the-contribution-of-the-x402-protocol)
  - id: linux-foundation-launching-x402-foundation
  - publisher: The Linux Foundation
  - date_published: 2026-04-02
  - type: announcement
  - tags: x402, m2m-payments
  - summary: Press release, issued at MCP Dev Summit North America, announcing a new x402 Foundation to steward the open x402 protocol for payments over HTTP.

### 2026-03-18

- [Introducing the Machine Payments Protocol](https://stripe.com/blog/machine-payments-protocol)
  - id: stripe-introducing-machine-payments-protocol
  - publisher: Stripe
  - authors: Jeff Weinstein, Steve Kaliski
  - date_published: 2026-03-18
  - type: announcement
  - tags: m2m-payments, stablecoins, agent-wallets
  - summary: Stripe blog post launching the Machine Payments Protocol (MPP), an open, internet-native standard for agent payments co-authored by Tempo and Stripe.

- [Visa introduces card specification and SDK for Machine Payments Protocol](https://corporate.visa.com/en/sites/visa-perspectives/innovation/visa-card-specification-sdk-for-machine-payments-protocol.html)
  - id: visa-card-spec-sdk-mpp
  - publisher: Visa
  - date_published: 2026-03-18
  - type: announcement
  - tags: card-networks, m2m-payments
  - summary: Visa announcement of a card specification and SDK that enable card-based payments for autonomous agents within Stripe and Tempo's Machine Payments Protocol. It coincided with Tempo's mainnet launch.

### 2026-03-01

- [A402: Binding Cryptocurrency Payments to Service Execution for Agentic Commerce](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.01179)
  - id: arxiv-a402-binding-payments-service-execution
  - publisher: arXiv
  - authors: Yue Li, Lei Wang, Kaixuan Wang, Zhiqiang Yang, Ke Wang, Zhi Guan, Jianbo Gao
  - date_published: 2026-03-01
  - type: research-paper
  - tags: x402, security, research
  - summary: Proposes A402, a trust-minimized payment architecture with Atomic Service Channels that bind cryptocurrency payments to service execution and result delivery. It addresses an atomicity gap the authors identify in x402.

### 2026-02-06

- [Zero-Trust Runtime Verification for Agentic Payment Protocols: Mitigating Replay and Context-Binding Failures in AP2](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.06345)
  - id: arxiv-zero-trust-runtime-verification-ap2
  - publisher: arXiv
  - authors: Qianlong Lan, Anuj Kaul, Shaun Jones, Stephanie Westrum
  - date_published: 2026-02-06
  - type: research-paper
  - tags: ap2, security, research
  - summary: eBay-authored paper on runtime behaviors (retries, concurrency, orchestration) that can cause replay and context-binding failures in mandate-based protocols such as AP2 and UCP. It proposes zero-trust runtime verification to mitigate them.

### 2025-11-26

- [AI agents for cash management in payment systems](https://www.bis.org/publ/work1310.htm)
  - id: bis-wp1310-ai-agents-cash-management
  - publisher: Bank for International Settlements
  - authors: Iñaki Aldasoro, Ajit Desai
  - date_published: 2025-11-26
  - type: research-paper
  - tags: research, regulation
  - summary: BIS Working Paper 1310 examining how generative AI can help manage cash and liquidity in real-time gross settlement (RTGS) payment systems.

### 2025-10-17

- [The agentic commerce opportunity: How AI agents are ushering in a new era for consumers and merchants](https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/quantumblack/our-insights/the-agentic-commerce-opportunity-how-ai-agents-are-ushering-in-a-new-era-for-consumers-and-merchants)
  - id: mckinsey-agentic-commerce-opportunity
  - publisher: McKinsey & Company
  - date_published: 2025-10-17
  - type: report
  - tags: market-data, research
  - summary: McKinsey QuantumBlack report on how AI agents are changing commerce for consumers and merchants.

### 2025-10-14

- [Visa Introduces Trusted Agent Protocol: An Ecosystem-Led Framework for AI Commerce](https://usa.visa.com/about-visa/newsroom/press-releases.releaseId.21716.html)
  - id: visa-trusted-agent-protocol-press-release
  - publisher: Visa
  - date_published: 2025-10-14
  - type: announcement
  - tags: card-networks, identity, security
  - summary: Visa press release introducing the Trusted Agent Protocol, developed with Cloudflare, to support secure communication between AI agents and merchants and help merchants tell legitimate agents apart from malicious bots.

### 2025-09-10

- [Mastercard unveils new tools and collaborations to power smarter, safer agentic commerce](https://www.mastercard.com/global/en/news-and-trends/press/2025/september/mastercard-unveils-new-tools-and-collaborations-to-power-smarter,-safer-agentic-commerce.html)
  - id: mastercard-agentic-commerce-tools-sep-2025
  - publisher: Mastercard
  - date_published: 2025-09-10
  - type: announcement
  - tags: card-networks, tokenization, identity
  - summary: Mastercard press release on new developer tools, expanded consulting services and ecosystem collaborations for AI-powered payments, aimed at trusted agentic transaction standards.

### 2025-07-01

- [Introducing pay per crawl: Enabling content owners to charge AI crawlers for access](https://blog.cloudflare.com/introducing-pay-per-crawl/)
  - id: cloudflare-pay-per-crawl
  - publisher: Cloudflare Blog
  - date_published: 2025-07-01
  - type: announcement
  - tags: m2m-payments, micropayments, web-agents
  - summary: Cloudflare announcement of pay per crawl, which lets content owners charge AI crawlers for access using HTTP 402 responses. It is a machine-payable content model at CDN scale.

### 2025-05-06

- [x402: An open standard for internet-native payments](https://www.x402.org/x402-whitepaper.pdf)
  - id: x402-whitepaper
  - publisher: Coinbase Developer Platform
  - authors: Erik Reppel, Ronnie Caspers, Kevin Leffew, Danny Organ, Dan Kim, Nemil Dalal
  - date_published: 2025-05-06
  - type: spec
  - tags: x402, stablecoins, m2m-payments
  - summary: Whitepaper describing x402, an HTTP-based protocol that uses onchain payments for agents, context retrieval and APIs. It explains why traditional rails fail for autonomous payments and how x402 works.

### Undated

- [x402](https://www.x402.org/)
  - id: x402-org
  - publisher: x402
  - date_published: null
  - type: spec
  - tags: x402, m2m-payments, stablecoins
  - summary: Official x402 site, describing it as an open standard for internet-native payments that enables agentic payments at scale.

- [coinbase/x402](https://github.com/coinbase/x402)
  - id: coinbase-x402-github
  - publisher: GitHub (Coinbase)
  - date_published: null
  - type: repo
  - tags: x402, m2m-payments
  - summary: Reference repository for x402, "a payments protocol for the internet. Built on HTTP."

- [google-agentic-commerce/AP2](https://github.com/google-agentic-commerce/AP2)
  - id: google-ap2-github
  - publisher: GitHub (Google Agentic Commerce)
  - date_published: null
  - type: repo
  - tags: ap2, identity, security
  - summary: Official repository of the Agent Payments Protocol (AP2), described as "Building a Secure and Interoperable Future for AI-Driven Payments."

- [Agentic Commerce Protocol](https://www.agenticcommerce.dev/)
  - id: agentic-commerce-protocol-site
  - publisher: Agentic Commerce Protocol
  - date_published: null
  - type: spec
  - tags: acp
  - summary: Official ACP site describing an Apache-2.0 open standard for programmatic commerce flows between buyers, AI agents and businesses, in which businesses remain merchant of record.

- [agentic-commerce-protocol/agentic-commerce-protocol](https://github.com/agentic-commerce-protocol/agentic-commerce-protocol)
  - id: acp-github
  - publisher: GitHub (Agentic Commerce Protocol)
  - date_published: null
  - type: repo
  - tags: acp
  - summary: Specification repository for the Agentic Commerce Protocol, an interaction model and open standard for buyers, their AI agents and businesses, currently maintained by OpenAI and Stripe.

- [Agentic Commerce Protocol](https://docs.stripe.com/agentic-commerce/protocols/acp)
  - id: stripe-docs-acp
  - publisher: Stripe Docs
  - date_published: null
  - type: docs
  - tags: acp, tokenization
  - summary: Stripe documentation for ACP, described as an open standard created by Stripe, OpenAI and Meta. It covers agentic checkout, cart and feed, and delegated payment and authentication building blocks.

- [MPP](https://docs.stripe.com/payments/machine/mpp)
  - id: stripe-docs-mpp
  - publisher: Stripe Docs
  - date_published: null
  - type: docs
  - tags: m2m-payments, stablecoins
  - summary: Stripe documentation on accepting agent payments with the Machine Payments Protocol: servers respond with HTTP 402 and payment details, and agents authorize payment and retry to receive the resource and a receipt.

- [Getting started with Trusted Agent Protocol](https://developer.visa.com/capabilities/trusted-agent-protocol/overview)
  - id: visa-developer-trusted-agent-protocol
  - publisher: Visa Developer
  - date_published: null
  - type: docs
  - tags: card-networks, identity, security
  - summary: Visa developer documentation for merchants and infrastructure providers. It presents the Trusted Agent Protocol as a verifiable cryptographic standard for recognizing Visa-approved AI agents.

- [Visa Intelligent Commerce](https://developer.visa.com/capabilities/visa-intelligent-commerce/overview)
  - id: visa-developer-intelligent-commerce
  - publisher: Visa Developer
  - date_published: null
  - type: docs
  - tags: card-networks, tokenization
  - summary: Visa Developer Center product page for Visa Intelligent Commerce, available to acquirer and issuer banks. The full documentation is restricted to authorized users.

- [Project Agenti](https://www.bis.org/node/87745)
  - id: bis-project-agenti
  - publisher: Bank for International Settlements
  - date_published: null
  - type: regulatory
  - tags: research, regulation
  - summary: BIS Innovation Hub project with the Bank of Canada and the Swiss National Bank that uses agentic AI to model payment behaviour and intraday liquidity in wholesale payment systems.

- [Bazaar (Discovery Layer)](https://docs.x402.org/extensions/bazaar)
  - id: x402-bazaar-extension-docs
  - publisher: x402 (docs.x402.org)
  - date_published: null
  - type: docs
  - tags: x402, directory, m2m-payments, interop
  - summary: Documentation for the x402 Bazaar extension. Facilitators can catalog payable HTTP endpoints and MCP tools and expose list and search discovery endpoints, so agents can find x402 resources together with their input/output schemas and prices.

- [specs/extensions/bazaar.md](https://github.com/x402-foundation/x402/blob/main/specs/extensions/bazaar.md)
  - id: x402-bazaar-spec-github
  - publisher: GitHub (x402 Foundation)
  - date_published: null
  - type: spec
  - tags: x402, directory, interop
  - summary: Normative spec for the Bazaar extension. It covers facilitator validation of the discovery info and the optional GET /discovery/resources and /discovery/search APIs, which filter by type, payTo, scheme and network and paginate with offsets or cursors.

- [x402 Bazaar (Discovery Layer), CDP](https://docs.cdp.coinbase.com/x402/bazaar)
  - id: cdp-x402-bazaar
  - publisher: Coinbase Developer Documentation
  - date_published: null
  - type: docs
  - tags: x402, stablecoins, directory, mcp
  - summary: Coinbase's hosted Bazaar catalog of x402 resources seen by the CDP Facilitator. It offers a public paginated list, hybrid semantic search with price, network and asset filters, and an MCP interface. The read endpoints need no API key.

- [x402scan Discovery & Registration Spec](https://github.com/Merit-Systems/x402scan/blob/main/docs/DISCOVERY.md)
  - id: x402scan-discovery-spec
  - publisher: GitHub (Merit Systems)
  - date_published: null
  - type: spec
  - tags: x402, openapi, interop, directory
  - summary: Describes how x402scan discovers paid endpoints. It reads OpenAPI first, with per-operation x-payment-info pricing and a declared 402 response, and falls back to a /.well-known/x402 resource list. The live 402 challenge overrides static metadata.

- [x402scan: x402 Ecosystem Explorer](https://www.x402scan.com/)
  - id: x402scan
  - publisher: Merit Systems
  - date_published: null
  - type: directory
  - tags: x402, stablecoins, directory, market-data
  - summary: Explorer and registry for x402 that tracks servers, transactions, buyers, merchants and facilitators across chains. It publishes an OpenAPI spec, an RFC 9727 api-catalog and a health endpoint. Most read API calls are paid via x402.

- [MPP: Machine Payments Protocol](https://mpp.dev/)
  - id: mpp-dev
  - publisher: mpp.dev
  - date_published: null
  - type: spec
  - tags: m2m-payments, stablecoins, lightning, interop
  - summary: Documentation hub for the Machine Payments Protocol, which standardizes HTTP 402 challenges, credentials and receipts for machine payments across methods including stablecoins, cards and Lightning. It publishes llms.txt, per-page Markdown, an MCP server card and an Agent Skills index.

- [Discovery (MPP)](https://mpp.dev/advanced/discovery)
  - id: mpp-discovery
  - publisher: mpp.dev
  - date_published: null
  - type: docs
  - tags: m2m-payments, openapi, interop
  - summary: Explains how an MPP server advertises payment terms ahead of time in an OpenAPI 3.1 document, with paid operations annotated by x-payment-info, while the runtime 402 challenge remains authoritative.

- [MPP services](https://mpp.dev/services)
  - id: mpp-services-directory
  - publisher: mpp.dev
  - date_published: null
  - type: directory
  - tags: m2m-payments, directory, stablecoins
  - summary: Curated directory of APIs that accept MPP payments, also available as JSON at /api/services with per-endpoint payment intent, method, asset and amount.

- [402 Index](https://402index.io/)
  - id: 402index
  - publisher: 402 Index
  - date_published: null
  - type: directory
  - tags: l402, x402, directory, lightning, stablecoins
  - summary: Protocol-agnostic directory of HTTP 402 paid APIs (L402, x402, MPP) with health probing, payment verification and semantic search. It exposes a JSON API, RSS, webhooks and an MCP server, and aggregates Bazaar, Satring, l402apps and MPP listings.

- [ryanthegentry/402index](https://github.com/ryanthegentry/402index)
  - id: 402index-github
  - publisher: GitHub (402 Index)
  - date_published: null
  - type: repo
  - tags: l402, x402, directory, mcp
  - summary: MIT-licensed source for 402 Index, including an npm MCP server package, self-serve registration through a probe that validates the 402 challenge, and YAML listings accepted by pull request.

- [satring: Curated Paid API Directory for AI Agents](https://satring.com/)
  - id: satring
  - publisher: satring
  - date_published: null
  - type: directory
  - tags: l402, x402, directory, lightning
  - summary: Curated directory of paid APIs that accept L402, x402 (USDC on Base) or MPP. It has a free summary tier and paid bulk export, analytics and reputation, plus /.well-known/l402 and /.well-known/x402 payment descriptors and an agent.json.

- [x402.new: The x402 Directory](https://x402.new/)
  - id: x402-new
  - publisher: x402.new
  - date_published: null
  - type: directory
  - tags: x402, stablecoins, directory
  - summary: Directory of x402-payable APIs rebuilt from the public x402 discovery network. Each service page lists price, networks, method, inputs, an example response and 30-day call statistics. It offers paid featured placement.

- [Hal Service Directory](https://directory.halmarket.dev/)
  - id: hal-service-directory
  - publisher: Hal
  - date_published: null
  - type: directory
  - tags: lightning, x402, directory, m2m-payments
  - summary: Marketplace directory of pay-per-call agent services that sellers price per call, paid over Lightning or USDC via x402. It publishes llms.txt and an OpenAPI description of the directory.

- [Universal Commerce Protocol (UCP)](https://ucp.dev/)
  - id: ucp-dev
  - publisher: Universal Commerce Protocol
  - date_published: null
  - type: spec
  - tags: interop, agents, standards
  - summary: Site for the Universal Commerce Protocol, an open agentic-commerce standard.

- [Universal-Commerce-Protocol/ucp](https://github.com/universal-commerce-protocol/ucp)
  - id: ucp-github
  - publisher: GitHub (Universal Commerce Protocol)
  - date_published: null
  - type: repo
  - tags: interop, standards
  - summary: Specification and documentation repository for the Universal Commerce Protocol.

## Agent protocols

### 2026-10-06

- [SEP-2127: MCP Server Cards - HTTP Server Discovery](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/modelcontextprotocol/pull/2127)
  - id: mcp-sep-2127-server-cards
  - publisher: GitHub (Model Context Protocol)
  - date_published: 2026-10-06
  - type: spec
  - tags: mcp, interop, standards
  - summary: Merged MCP enhancement proposal for pre-connection discovery of remote MCP servers through Server Cards, advertised from a domain-level /.well-known/ai-catalog.json. It supersedes the earlier SEP-1649 approach. The server-card schema is still marked experimental.

### 2026-07-28

- [Specification - Model Context Protocol (Version 2026-07-28)](https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2026-07-28)
  - id: mcp-specification-2026-07-28
  - publisher: Model Context Protocol
  - date_published: 2026-07-28
  - type: spec
  - tags: mcp, interop, tools
  - summary: Latest dated version of the Model Context Protocol specification, covering architecture, base protocol, lifecycle, transports, authorization and client and server features. The version identifier is the date.

### 2026-05-27

- [DNS for AI Discovery (draft-mozleywilliams-dnsop-dnsaid-02)](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-mozleywilliams-dnsop-dnsaid/)
  - id: ietf-dns-aid
  - publisher: IETF Datatracker
  - authors: Jim Mozley, Nic Williams, Behcet Sarikaya, Roland Schott, Jeffrey Damick
  - date_published: 2026-05-27
  - type: spec
  - tags: interop, identity, standards
  - summary: Internet-Draft for publishing AI agent endpoints and capability metadata in DNS using SVCB records and DNS-SD-style indexes, with DNSSEC/DANE for validation. Active individual draft, revision 02.

### 2026-04-17

- [Introducing the Agent Readiness score. Check to see if your site is agent-ready](https://blog.cloudflare.com/agent-readiness)
  - id: cloudflare-agent-readiness
  - publisher: Cloudflare Blog
  - date_published: 2026-04-17
  - type: announcement
  - tags: interop, web-agents, standards
  - summary: Cloudflare post introducing an Agent Readiness score and the isitagentready.com scanner, which checks emerging standards such as llms.txt, Markdown negotiation, Content Signals, RFC 9727 API catalogs, MCP Server Cards, A2A Agent Cards, Agent Skills and the x402/MPP commerce protocols.

### 2025-06-18

- [Specification - Model Context Protocol (Version 2025-06-18)](https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2025-06-18)
  - id: mcp-specification-2025-06-18
  - publisher: Model Context Protocol
  - date_published: 2025-06-18
  - type: spec
  - tags: mcp, interop, tools
  - summary: Earlier dated revision of the MCP specification, covering authorization, transports, roots, sampling, elicitation, prompts and resources.

### 2024-09-03

- [The /llms.txt file, v2](https://llmstxt.org/)
  - id: llms-txt
  - publisher: llmstxt.org
  - authors: Jeremy Howard
  - date_published: 2024-09-03
  - type: spec
  - tags: llms-txt, interop
  - summary: Proposal to standardise an /llms.txt file that gives agents information about how to use a website. The page was last modified on 10 August 2026.

### 2021-02-15

- [OpenAPI Specification v3.1.0](https://spec.openapis.org/oas/v3.1.0.html)
  - id: openapi-3-1-0
  - publisher: OpenAPI Initiative
  - date_published: 2021-02-15
  - type: spec
  - tags: openapi, interop
  - summary: Standard, programming-language-agnostic interface description for HTTP APIs, widely used to describe tools and APIs for programmatic consumers.

### Undated

- [Agent2Agent (A2A) Protocol Specification](https://a2a-protocol.org/latest/specification/)
  - id: a2a-protocol-specification
  - publisher: A2A Protocol
  - date_published: null
  - type: spec
  - tags: a2a, interop
  - summary: Official A2A specification (latest released version 1.0.0), an open standard for communication and interoperability between independent, potentially opaque AI agent systems built on different frameworks or by different vendors.

- [RFC 9421: HTTP Message Signatures](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9421)
  - id: rfc-9421-http-message-signatures
  - publisher: IETF
  - authors: A. Backman, J. Richer, M. Sporny
  - date_published: null
  - type: spec
  - tags: identity, security, http
  - summary: IETF Proposed Standard defining how to create, encode and verify digital signatures over components of HTTP messages. It can serve as a building block for authenticating automated clients. Published February 2024 (no day given, so date_published is null).

- [Official MCP Registry](https://registry.modelcontextprotocol.io/)
  - id: mcp-registry
  - publisher: Model Context Protocol
  - date_published: null
  - type: directory
  - tags: mcp, directory, interop
  - summary: Official registry of MCP servers with an unauthenticated read API (GET /v0.1/servers) supporting cursor pagination, name search and updated_since for incremental sync by downstream aggregators.

- [modelcontextprotocol/registry](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/registry)
  - id: mcp-registry-github
  - publisher: GitHub (Model Context Protocol)
  - date_published: null
  - type: repo
  - tags: mcp, directory, tools
  - summary: Source, OpenAPI reference and server.json schema for the community-driven MCP Registry, including the publishing flow and namespace verification.

- [modelcontextprotocol/ext-server-card](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/experimental-ext-server-card)
  - id: mcp-ext-server-card
  - publisher: GitHub (Model Context Protocol)
  - date_published: null
  - type: repo
  - tags: mcp, interop
  - summary: Experimental extension that holds the TypeScript and JSON Schema source for MCP Server Cards. A card describes a remote server's identity and transport endpoints; tools are listed at runtime, not on the card.

- [AI Catalog](https://ai-catalog.io/)
  - id: ai-catalog
  - publisher: AI Catalog (Agent-Card)
  - date_published: null
  - type: spec
  - tags: interop, mcp, a2a, standards
  - summary: Cross-protocol draft standard for a typed, nestable JSON catalog that lists heterogeneous AI artifacts (MCP servers, A2A agents, datasets and more) for discovery. It is developed by members of several AI protocol communities.

- [Agent Discovery (A2A Protocol)](https://a2a-protocol.org/latest/topics/agent-discovery/)
  - id: a2a-agent-discovery
  - publisher: A2A Protocol
  - date_published: null
  - type: docs
  - tags: a2a, interop
  - summary: A2A guidance on finding agents through a well-known Agent Card URL (/.well-known/agent-card.json), curated registries, or direct configuration. It notes that the spec does not prescribe a registry API.

- [Global A2A Registry](https://www.a2a-registry.org/)
  - id: a2a-registry-org
  - publisher: A2A Registry
  - date_published: null
  - type: directory
  - tags: a2a, directory, identity
  - summary: Free public registry of A2A agents that is itself discoverable as an A2A agent. It offers natural-language agent search and DNS- and GitHub-based verification, and its agent card includes an extension that declares a payment model.

- [wild-card-ai/agents-json](https://github.com/wild-card-ai/agents-json)
  - id: wildcard-agents-json
  - publisher: GitHub (Wildcard)
  - date_published: null
  - type: repo
  - tags: interop, openapi, tools
  - summary: agents.json, an OpenAPI-based contract published at /.well-known/agents.json that describes multi-step API 'flows' for agents, linking the outputs of one operation to the inputs of the next.

- [Agent Skills](https://agentskills.io/)
  - id: agentskills-io
  - publisher: agentskills.io
  - date_published: null
  - type: spec
  - tags: interop, tools, agents
  - summary: Open format for packaging agent capabilities as SKILL.md files with YAML frontmatter, plus a discovery index schema used by sites at /.well-known/agent-skills/index.json (for example docs.x402.org and mpp.dev).

- [AGENTS.md](https://agents.md/)
  - id: agents-md
  - publisher: agents.md
  - date_published: null
  - type: spec
  - tags: interop, agents
  - summary: Simple open format for a README-style instruction file aimed at coding agents. mpp.dev publishes one and links it from its API catalog.

- [RFC 9727: api-catalog: A Well-Known URI and Link Relation to Help Discovery of APIs](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9727)
  - id: rfc-9727-api-catalog
  - publisher: IETF
  - authors: K. Smith
  - date_published: null
  - type: spec
  - tags: openapi, interop, standards, http
  - summary: Standards-track RFC (June 2025) defining /.well-known/api-catalog and the api-catalog link relation, which return a linkset of a publisher's APIs with links to their descriptions, docs and status endpoints.

- [RFC 9728: OAuth 2.0 Protected Resource Metadata](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9728)
  - id: rfc-9728-oauth-protected-resource-metadata
  - publisher: IETF
  - authors: M.B. Jones, P. Hunt, A. Parecki
  - date_published: null
  - type: spec
  - tags: identity, security, standards, mcp
  - summary: Standards-track RFC (April 2025) defining metadata that a protected resource publishes so clients can learn how to obtain tokens for it. Remote MCP authorization relies on it.

- [Content Signals](https://contentsignals.org/)
  - id: content-signals
  - publisher: contentsignals.org
  - date_published: null
  - type: spec
  - tags: web-agents, interop, regulation
  - summary: robots.txt extension (Content-Signal: search=, ai-input=, ai-train=) that declares how crawled content may be used, settable per user-agent. mpp.dev, x402scan and x402.org use it.

- [webmachinelearning/webmcp](https://github.com/webmachinelearning/webmcp)
  - id: webmcp-github
  - publisher: GitHub (W3C Web Machine Learning CG)
  - date_published: null
  - type: repo
  - tags: mcp, web-agents, tools
  - summary: Community Group proposal that lets a web page register tools for in-browser agents (document.modelContext.registerTool with a JSON Schema input). It is a CG draft, not a W3C standard.

- [Glama MCP server directory](https://glama.ai/mcp/servers)
  - id: glama-mcp-servers
  - publisher: Glama
  - date_published: null
  - type: directory
  - tags: mcp, directory, security
  - summary: Large MCP server and remote connector directory, described as a superset of the official MCP Registry. Each server is scanned and scored, and the directory has a public REST API with OpenAPI and an RFC 9727 api-catalog.

## Robotics and autonomy

### 2023-03-17

- [UL 4600: Standard for Evaluation of Autonomous Products](https://www.shopulstandards.com/ProductDetail.aspx?productId=UL4600)
  - id: ul-4600-evaluation-autonomous-products
  - publisher: UL Standards & Engagement
  - date_published: 2023-03-17
  - type: spec
  - tags: autonomy-safety, standards
  - summary: ANSI/UL 4600 (3rd edition) covers safety principles, risk mitigation, tools, techniques and lifecycle processes for building and evaluating a safety case for vehicles that operate autonomously without human supervision.

### 2022-07-19

- [ISO/IEC 22989:2022 Information technology — Artificial intelligence — Artificial intelligence concepts and terminology](https://www.iso.org/standard/74296.html)
  - id: iso-iec-22989-ai-concepts-terminology
  - publisher: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 42
  - date_published: 2022-07-19
  - type: spec
  - tags: ai-standards, standards
  - summary: International Standard that establishes AI terminology and describes AI concepts for use in developing other standards and in communication among stakeholders.

### Undated

- [ros2/ros2](https://github.com/ros2/ros2)
  - id: ros2-github
  - publisher: GitHub (ROS 2)
  - date_published: null
  - type: repo
  - tags: ros2, robotics
  - summary: Main repository of ROS 2, the Robot Operating System, described as a meta operating system for robots.

## IoT

### 2023-12-05

- [Web of Things (WoT) Architecture 1.1](https://www.w3.org/TR/wot-architecture11/)
  - id: w3c-wot-architecture-1-1
  - publisher: W3C
  - date_published: 2023-12-05
  - type: spec
  - tags: wot, interop, standards
  - summary: W3C Recommendation defining the abstract architecture of the Web of Things for interoperability across IoT platforms and application domains.

### 2019-03-07

- [MQTT Version 5.0](https://docs.oasis-open.org/mqtt/mqtt/v5.0/mqtt-v5.0.html)
  - id: mqtt-v5-0
  - publisher: OASIS
  - date_published: 2019-03-07
  - type: spec
  - tags: mqtt, m2m, standards
  - summary: OASIS Standard for MQTT v5.0, a lightweight publish/subscribe messaging protocol for IoT and machine-to-machine communication.

### Undated

- [Matter](https://csa-iot.org/all-solutions/matter/)
  - id: csa-matter
  - publisher: Connectivity Standards Alliance
  - date_published: null
  - type: spec
  - tags: matter, standards, interop
  - summary: Connectivity Standards Alliance page for Matter, an industry-unifying standard for reliable, secure, interoperable connectivity between smart home devices, with access to the specification and certification.

- [OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA)](https://opcfoundation.org/about/opc-technologies/opc-ua/)
  - id: opc-ua
  - publisher: OPC Foundation
  - date_published: null
  - type: spec
  - tags: opc-ua, industrial-iot, standards
  - summary: OPC Foundation landing page for OPC Unified Architecture. It describes features such as server discovery, a hierarchical address space, permission-based read/write and subscriptions, and links companion specifications for industry domains.

## Datasets and benchmarks

### 2024-06-17

- [τ-bench: A Benchmark for Tool-Agent-User Interaction in Real-World Domains](https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.12045)
  - id: tau-bench
  - publisher: arXiv
  - authors: Shunyu Yao, Noah Shinn, Pedram Razavi, Karthik Narasimhan
  - date_published: 2024-06-17
  - type: research-paper
  - tags: benchmark, tools, research
  - summary: Benchmark of dynamic conversations between a language-model-simulated user and an agent equipped with domain-specific API tools and policy guidelines. Success is scored by comparing the final database state with an annotated goal state, and the paper introduces the pass^k reliability metric.

### 2023-11-21

- [GAIA: a benchmark for General AI Assistants](https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.12983)
  - id: gaia-benchmark
  - publisher: arXiv
  - authors: Grégoire Mialon, Clémentine Fourrier, Craig Swift, Thomas Wolf, Yann LeCun, Thomas Scialom
  - date_published: 2023-11-21
  - type: research-paper
  - tags: benchmark, research
  - summary: Benchmark of real-world questions for general AI assistants that require reasoning, multimodality, web browsing and tool use.

### 2023-10-10

- [SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.06770)
  - id: swe-bench-paper
  - publisher: arXiv
  - authors: Carlos E. Jimenez, John Yang, Alexander Wettig, Shunyu Yao, Kexin Pei, Ofir Press, Karthik Narasimhan
  - date_published: 2023-10-10
  - type: research-paper
  - tags: benchmark, research
  - summary: Evaluation framework of 2,294 software engineering problems drawn from real GitHub issues and pull requests across 12 popular Python repositories.

### 2023-07-25

- [WebArena: A Realistic Web Environment for Building Autonomous Agents](https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.13854)
  - id: webarena
  - publisher: arXiv
  - authors: Shuyan Zhou, Frank F. Xu, Hao Zhu, Xuhui Zhou, Robert Lo, Abishek Sridhar, Xianyi Cheng, Tianyue Ou, Yonatan Bisk, Daniel Fried, Uri Alon, Graham Neubig
  - date_published: 2023-07-25
  - type: research-paper
  - tags: benchmark, web-agents, research
  - summary: Highly realistic and reproducible web environment for building and testing language-guided agents that perform tasks on the web. The authors list shows the first 12 of a longer list.

### Undated

- [SWE-bench Leaderboards](https://www.swebench.com/)
  - id: swe-bench-leaderboards
  - publisher: SWE-bench
  - date_published: null
  - type: docs
  - tags: benchmark, leaderboard
  - summary: Official SWE-bench site with leaderboards for SWE-bench, Verified, Multilingual, Multimodal and Lite variants, plus related tools.

- [Open X-Embodiment: Robotic Learning Datasets and RT-X Models](https://robotics-transformer-x.github.io/)
  - id: open-x-embodiment
  - publisher: Open X-Embodiment Collaboration
  - date_published: null
  - type: docs
  - tags: dataset, robotics
  - summary: Project page of the Open X-Embodiment Collaboration presenting robotic learning datasets and RT-X models. It asks whether the consolidation around large pretrained models seen in NLP and computer vision can happen in robotics.

## Safety and security

### 2026-09-01

- [HTTP Message Signatures for automated traffic (draft-ietf-webbotauth-httpsig-protocol-00)](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-webbotauth-httpsig-protocol/)
  - id: ietf-webbotauth-httpsig-protocol
  - publisher: IETF Datatracker
  - authors: Thibault Meunier, Sandor Major
  - date_published: 2026-09-01
  - type: spec
  - tags: identity, security, http, web-agents
  - summary: IETF working-group draft (Web Bot Auth) under which bots and agents identify themselves by signing requests with RFC 9421 HTTP Message Signatures, with keys discoverable from a published key directory. It replaces the earlier individual architecture draft.

### 2025-12-10

- [OWASP Top 10 for Agentic Applications for 2026](https://genai.owasp.org/resource/owasp-top-10-for-agentic-applications-for-2026/)
  - id: owasp-top-10-agentic-applications-2026
  - publisher: OWASP Gen AI Security Project
  - date_published: 2025-12-10
  - type: report
  - tags: owasp, security, agents
  - summary: Peer-reviewed framework, developed with more than 100 experts, identifying the most critical security risks facing autonomous and agentic AI systems.

### 2023-01-26

- [Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0)](https://www.nist.gov/publications/artificial-intelligence-risk-management-framework-ai-rmf-10)
  - id: nist-ai-rmf-1-0
  - publisher: NIST
  - authors: Elham Tabassi
  - date_published: 2023-01-26
  - type: spec
  - tags: ai-risk, standards, security
  - summary: Voluntary, non-sector-specific NIST framework, developed as directed by the National Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act of 2020, to help organizations that design, develop, deploy or use AI systems manage AI risks and promote trustworthy, responsible AI.

### Undated

- [OWASP Top 10 for LLM Applications (2025)](https://genai.owasp.org/llm-top-10/)
  - id: owasp-top-10-llm-2025
  - publisher: OWASP Gen AI Security Project
  - date_published: null
  - type: report
  - tags: owasp, security, prompt-injection
  - summary: OWASP Gen AI Security Project list of top risks for LLM applications, 2025 edition (for example LLM01:2025 Prompt Injection), with the 2023-24 edition also linked.

## Regulation

### Undated

- [AI Act](https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai)
  - id: eu-ai-act-commission-page
  - publisher: European Commission (Shaping Europe's digital future)
  - date_published: null
  - type: regulatory
  - tags: eu-ai-act, regulation
  - summary: European Commission overview of the AI Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689). The page states the Act entered into force on 1 August 2024 and became applicable on 2 August 2026, with prohibitions applying from 2 February 2025, GPAI obligations from 2 August 2025, and stated high-risk obligations from 2 December 2027.